Insights

Trading is an activity whereby orders are executed; it involves buying and selling. A trader is the person who negotiates and/or submits orders to transact. Hence, a trader closes deals. Trading concerns decision-making in the sense that each buying or selling transaction starts with analysis and ends with a decision. Each decision-making process ends up… View Article

To control a trading function, it is important to allocate mandates to the business and its professionals. In other words, to manage traders, organisations provide them with authorisation. Next, firms govern their employees by the implementation of limit structures. A mandate concerns an official order or commission to do something; it is the authority to… View Article

Companies and their business, control and support functions require price information in order to start certain periodic procedures and to generate various reports. The most reliable ingredients may be up-to-date prices, not historical costs. Valuating a position mark-to-market concerns accounting against actual market prices. Hence, it must be updated over-and-over. However, when products are hardly… View Article

People love certainty and they care for security but, usually, they do not get it. Individuals may be promised these aspects, and/or they may be convinced to have it, but it has actually only been assumed.

Analogous to a futures spread, an option spread consists of two legs. Each leg concerns an option.

Over-the-counter markets are characterised by a variety of aspects, activities and processes. This includes flexibility concerning the terms and conditions in the negotiation process, choice of preferred broker, discretion with order execution and counterparty risk management.

Statistical arbitrage (or StatArb) can be seen as a model-based investment (or speculation) process, by constructing simultaneously long and short positions of different assets

Price-wise assets can be related to each other. This applies to financial assets, such as corporate shares or bonds, but also to physical assets, like commodities. Agricultural commodities are, for instance, related to energy for a variety of reasons.

Weather conditions affect all sorts of things. It impacts what people do, how human beings dress, where we go and what we consume. The weather also impacts the business.

It is undeniable that firms’ and investors’ understanding of the financial consequences associated with climate change will strengthen.

Climate and weather are different concepts, but relate to each other. Different kinds of climate bring along different weather patterns.

Over-the-counter markets are characterised by a variety of aspects, activities and processes.

Large commodity consumers typically contract their supplies directly at the source. They enter into bilateral agreements with producers.

The price for shipping cargo is called the ‘freight rate’. Hence, the tariff at which a vessel is chartered is referred to as the so-called freight rate.

The Baltic Exchange develops and maintains various indices for freight.

International Commercial Terms (in brief:  ‘Incoterms’) are a series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce relating to international commercial law.

In the metal markets, physical players come together to enter into supply contracts.

The Earth is actually one great collection of commodities, but, because of excessive use, supply of raw materials may run out one day.

Next to supply contracts, market participants enter into derivatives contracts.

A soft commodity is a product that can be grown, while a hard commodity concerns a natural resource which is mined.

If prices would not move, there would be no price risk. In markets where the price level is regulated and, consequently, fixed for the remainder of the year, price volatility does not exist.

Risk is not a synonym for uncertainty, because risk can be quantified, whereas uncertainty cannot. Risk quantification is based on a formula including ‘probability’ and ‘effect’.

The moment a futures contract, an option contract or a swap agreement is entered into by buyer and seller, a position is opened.

An exchange of futures for physicals (EFP) is a transaction process allowed by an exchange to enable market participants to manage their market risk with direct reference to the price of an underlying physical transaction.

In the commodity business, settlement is one of the main processes in deal-making. Settlement is the actual process that provides the final completion of a transaction; the unwinding of the transaction.

In order to guarantee the duties of a clearing house, market participants need to arrange for a guarantee for each position, for instance, being commodity (derivatives) contract.

In the field of trading operations, clearing of transactions is a very important process. Clearing is often considered guaranteeing the settlement of a contract between two parties, like a form of insurance.

Counterparty risk consists of delivery risk for the buyer and credit risk for the seller. These risks have to be managed by those parties who are involved with it.

Commodity trading can be considered a business function. As with any business, it has to be checked and verified by control functions and it has to be given assistance by support functions.

Typical commodity & energy trade operations are quite diverse.